Herbicide performance in the control of Conyza spp. where three plant heights

Intensive use of the herbicide glyphosate has led to herbicide resistant Conyza spp. populations. Thus, there is a need to indicate alternative herbicides and the appropriate developmental stage for controlling these populations. This study identifies alternatives for controlling glyphosate-resistant horseweed, with treatment applications at different plant heights. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted in the 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop years. The evaluated treatments were: glyphosate (540 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (2160 g ae ha-1), glyphosate (3240 g ae ha-1), glyphosate + 2.4-D (1080 + 1005 g ae ha-1), glyphosate + saflufenacil (1080 + 49 g ae/ai ha-1), paraquat (400 g ai ha-1), diquat (400 g ai ha-1), ammonium glufosinate (600 g ai ha-1), and control (without application). These treatments were applied to plants with a maximum of 5 cm; plants between 6 and 15 cm; and plants between 16 and 25 cm. The results showed that glyphosate did not control weeds, regardless of rate. With the exception of 2,4-D, which needs complementation with sequential application of another contact herbicide, all alternatives were viable for the control of Conyza spp. plants with a maximum height of 5 cm.

Importance of sequential herbicide application in the control of Elephantopus mollis / A importância da aplicação sequencial no controle de Elephantopus mollis

RESUMO: Popularmente conhecida como pata de elefante ou sussuaiá, Elephantopus mollis, é uma espécie que recentemente surgiu como uma planta daninha em lavouras de cultivos de grãos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade diferencial de biótipos de E. mollis oriundos de áreas agrícolas e não agrícolas e determinar as melhores combinações de herbicidas aplicados em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento para o controle desta espécie. Foram realizados três experimentos. No experimento de sensibilidade diferencial foram utilizados dez herbicidas em dois biótipos em duas fases de desenvolvimento. O experimento de dose resposta foi conduzido com oito doses de sete herbicidas. O experimento a campo foi realizado em uma área que apresenta problemas com a planta daninha para validar os resultados dos experimentos anteriores. O biótipo oriundo de área agrícola apresentou menor sensibilidade aos herbicidas quando comparado ao biótipo oriundo de área não agrícola. Os herbicidas de contato inicialmente apresentam controle superior, mas logo a planta apresenta rebrote em função de gemas presentes no colo da planta. A aplicação isolada de 2,4-D com doses entre 1005 e 1675 g e.a ha-1 possui controle de 25%. Quando o 2,4-D é seguido da aplicação de paraquat (400 g i.a ha-1) o controle passa a ser entre 51 e 68%. O melhor tratamento para o controle de plantas desenvolvidas é a mistura de 2,4-D + glyphosate (1340 + 1080 g e.a ha-1) com aplicação sequencial de paraquat.

ABSTRACT: Elephantopus mollis, popularly known as elephant paw or sussuaiá, is a species that has recently emerged as a weed affecting grain crops. This study aimed to evaluate the differential sensitivity of biotypes of E. mollis obtained from agricultural and nonagricultural areas and to determine the best combinations of herbicides applied at different stages of development for controlling this species. Three experiments were conducted. In the differential sensitivity experiment, 10 herbicides were used in 2 biotypes in 2 stages of development. The dose-response experiment was conducted using 8 doses of 7 herbicides. The field experiment was conducted in an area with weed issues to validate the results of previous experiments. The biotype from the agricultural area showed lower sensitivity to herbicides than the biotype from the nonagricultural area. The contact herbicides initially presented better control; however, the weed shortly showed re-growth due to the presence of buds in the plant crown. Isolated application of 2.4-D amine at doses between 1005 and 1675 g a.e. ha−1 demonstrated 25% control. When 2,4-D amine was followed by paraquat application (400 g a.i. ha−1), the control observed was between 51% and 68%. The best treatment for the control of completely developed weeds is 2,4-D amine + glyphosate mixture (1340 + 1080 g a.e. ha−1), followed by sequential paraquat application.

[Histoplasmosis in AIDS patients without tegumentary manifestations]. / Histoplasmosis en pacientes con SIDA sin manifestaciones cutáneo-mucosas.

BACKGROUND: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis with a high prevalence in HIV/AIDS patients. Clinical presentation includes a wide spectrum of manifestations and diagnosis usually takes up to several weeks in patients who do not present cutaneous lesions. AIM: To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as some biochemical parameters in patients with AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without tegumentary lesions, in order to develop a guideline which enables an early empiric treatment in cases of difficult diagnosis. METHODS: Medical records of 86 patients with histoplasmosis were reviewed; 31 patients with diagnosis of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without cutaneous lesions were analyzed. RESULTS: Fever was the most frequent symptom (96.7%), lung involvement was observed in 22 patients (70.9%), the most commonly radiological pattern was miliary pattern [(12/22), 54.5%]. Nineteen patients presented with splenomegaly. Blood culture sensitivity was 93.3% (28/30) and serology was positive only in 23.5% of the cases. Eight patients died (25.8%). Patients in which CD4+ T cell lymphocytes count was < 50 cells/µl, albumin levels < 2.5 g/dl and who presented with pancytopenia had an unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV seropositive patients with fever associated to splenomegaly and bilateral miliar pattern in chest radiography, the empiric treatment with amphotericin B must be considered if signs and symptoms of unfavorable outcome are present and due to the time that it takes to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. In order to confirm the diagnosis, all microbiological samples should be collected prior to initiating therapy.

Histoplasmosis en pacientes con SIDA sin manifestaciones cutáneo-mucosas / Histoplasmosis in AIDS patients without tegumentary manifestations

Resumen Antecedentes: La histoplasmosis es una micosis de gran relevancia en pacientes con SIDA. El cuadro clínico puede ser muy variado y, en enfermos que no desarrollan lesiones cutáneas, el diagnóstico suele demorar varias semanas. Objetivo: Establecer pautas que permitan emplear un tratamiento empírico y precoz en pacientes con histoplasmosis asociada al SIDA sin manifestaciones tegumentarias y determinar las características clínicas, microbiológicas y algunos parámetros bioquímicos en los casos de difícil diagnóstico. Métodos: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 86 pacientes con histoplasmosis. Fueron seleccionados 31 enfermos con histoplasmosis asociada con SIDA sin lesiones cutáneas. Resultados: La fiebre fue el síntoma más frecuente (96,7%), el compromiso pulmonar se comprobó en 22 enfermos (70,9%). El patrón radiológico más frecuentemente hallado en las radiografías de tórax fue el miliar o micronodulillar bilateral [(12/22), 54,5%]. Diecinueve enfermos presentaron esplenomegalia. Los hemocultivos demostraron una sensibilidad de 93,3% (28/30) y la serología fue positiva en 23,5% de los casos. Fallecieron ocho pacientes (25,8%). Los pacientes con recuentos de linfocitos T CD4+ menores a 50 céls/μl, albúmina menor a 2,5 g/dl y pancitopenia evidenciaron un pronóstico desfavorable. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con infección por VIH, fiebre asociada a esplenomegalia y lesiones micronodulillares bilaterales en la radiografía de tórax debe considerarse el tratamiento empírico con anfotericina B cuando existan signos o síntomas de mal pronóstico, debido al tiempo de demora hasta el diagnóstico definitivo. Previo a iniciar el tratamiento deben tomarse todas las muestras para los estudios microbiológicos que permitan confirmar luego la presunción diagnóstica.

Background: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis with a high prevalence in HIV/AIDS patients. Clinical presentation includes a wide spectrum of manifestations and diagnosis usually takes up to several weeks in patients who do not present cutaneous lesions. Aim: To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as some biochemical parameters in patients with AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without tegumentary lesions, in order to develop a guideline which enables an early empiric treatment in cases of difficult diagnosis. Methods: Medical records of 86 patients with histoplasmosis were reviewed; 31 patients with diagnosis of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without cutaneous lesions were analyzed. Results: Fever was the most frequent symptom (96.7%), lung involvement was observed in 22 patients (70.9%), the most commonly radiological pattern was miliary pattern [(12/22), 54.5%]. Nineteen patients presented with splenomegaly. Blood culture sensitivity was 93.3% (28/30) and serology was positive only in 23.5% of the cases. Eight patients died (25.8%). Patients in which CD4+ T cell lymphocytes count was < 50 cells/μl, albumin levels < 2.5 g/dl and who presented with pancytopenia had an unfavorable outcome. Conclusions: In HIV seropositive patients with fever associated to splenomegaly and bilateral miliar pattern in chest radiography, the empiric treatment with amphotericin B must be considered if signs and symptoms of unfavorable outcome are present and due to the time that it takes to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. In order to confirm the diagnosis, all microbiological samples should be collected prior to initiating therapy.

Usefulness of an elisa kit for the detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in patients with AIDS

Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis frequently affecting patients infected with HIV, appearing as acute or subacute disseminated forms. Early diagnosis is simple when muco-cutaneous lesions are present; but in their absence the use of non-culture based methods is usually required presenting a fundamental challenge for the management and prognosis of this infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of an Elisa kit for the detection of the galactomannan antigen of Histoplasma capsulatum in different clinical samples. A total of 98 clinical samples obtained from different organic fluids were analyzed: 66 sera, 28 urine samples, 3 bronchoalveolar lavages and one cerebrospinal fluid. They corresponded to a total of 61 patients: 27 with histoplasmosis associated with AIDS, 7 histoplasmosis in nonreactive HIV individuals and 27 patients with other diseases but which were clinically similar to histoplasmosis. The sensitivity of the detection of the galactomannan antigen in serum of patients with histoplasmosis and AIDS was 76% and the specificity was 56%. In urine samples of this group of patients the sensitivity was 75%

Eficacia del tratamiento y de la profilaxis antifúngica secundaria en la histoplasmosis asociada al sida. Experiencia del Hospital de Infecciosas Francisco J. Muñiz, de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Efficacy of the treatment and secondary antifungal prophylaxis in AIDS-related histoplasmosis. Experience at the Francisco J. Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital in Buenos Aires

Antecedentes. La histoplasmosis clásica es una micosis sistémica endémica debida a Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. En los pacientes VIH/sida afectados por esta infección, la restauración de la respuesta inmune mediante el tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia (TARV) y la profilaxis secundaria con antifúngicos ha reducido su morbimortalidad. Objetivos. Conocer el estado actual del pronóstico y los resultados de los tratamientos de esta asociación mórbida en el Hospital de Infecciosas Francisco J. Muñiz, de Buenos Aires. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de los datos demográficos, clínicos, inmunológicos y de tratamiento de 80 pacientes infectados por el VIH con histoplasmosis diseminada. Resultados. Sesenta y cinco pacientes eran varones, la mediana de la edad fue de 36 años, el 73,7% consumía drogas ilegales, el 82,5% no recibía TARV en el momento del diagnóstico y el 58,7% presentaba recuentos de CD4+ inferiores a 50cél/μl. El tratamiento inicial (anfotericina B y/o itraconazol) duró 3 meses y fue exitoso en el 78,7% de los enfermos. Solo 26/63 (41,2%) cumplieron con los controles clínicos posteriores, el TARV y la profilaxis secundaria con itraconazol o anfotericina B. Se suspendió la profilaxis secundaria tras más de un año de TARV si los pacientes estaban asintomáticos, y si presentaban dos recuentos de CD4+ superiores a 150cél/μl y cargas virales indetectables. Después de dos años de control postinterrupción de la profilaxis, ningún caso experimentó recidiva. Conclusiones. El tratamiento de la histoplasmosis en pacientes infectados por el VIH fue eficaz en el 78,8% de los casos; la asociación de TARV y profilaxis antifúngica es segura, bien tolerada y eficaz. En el futuro debe mejorarse el cumplimiento de la terapia en estos pacientes e incorporar métodos de diagnóstico rápido de la histoplasmosis. Debe estudiarse la utilidad de la profilaxis primaria para la criptococosis y la histoplasmosis en los pacientes infectados por el VIH (AU)

Background. Classic histoplasmosis is a systemic endemic mycosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. A significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality of AIDS-related histoplasmosis has been observed since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and secondary antifungal prophylaxis. Aims. The aim of this study was to determine the current state of prognosis and treatment response of HIV-positive patients with histoplasmosis in the Francisco J. Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital in Buenos Aires City. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted using the demographic, clinical, immunological and treatment data of 80 patients suffering from AIDS-related histoplasmosis. Results. Of the 80 cases studied 65 were male, the median age was 36 years, with 73.7% of the patients being drug addicts, 82.5% of the patients was not receiving HAART at diagnosis, and 58.7% of the cases had less than 50 CD4+ cells/μl at the beginning of the treatment. The initial phase of treatment consisted of intravenous amphotericin B and/or oral itraconazole for 3 months, with 78.7% of the cases showing a good clinical response. Only 26/63 patients who were discharged from hospital continued with the follow-up of the HAART, secondary prophylaxis with itraconazole or amphotericin B. Secondary prophylaxis was stopped after more than one year of HAART if the patients were asymptomatic, had two CD4+ cell counts greater than 150cells/μl, and undetectable viral loads. No relapses were observed during a two-year follow up after prophylaxis was stopped. Conclusions. The treatment of histoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients was effective in 78.8% of the cases. The combination of HAART and secondary antifungal prophylaxis is safe, well tolerated, and effective. The low adherence of patients to HAART and the lack of laboratory kits for rapid histoplasmosis diagnosis should be addressed in the future. The usefulness of primary antifungal prophylaxis for cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis HIV-positive patients should be studied (AU)

[Efficacy of the treatment and secondary antifungal prophylaxis in AIDS-related histoplasmosis. Experience at the Francisco J. Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital in Buenos Aires]. / Eficacia del tratamiento y de la profilaxis antifúngica secundaria en la histoplasmosis asociada al sida. Experiencia del Hospital de Infecciosas Francisco J. Muñiz, de la ciudad de Buenos Aires.

BACKGROUND: Classic histoplasmosis is a systemic endemic mycosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. A significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality of AIDS-related histoplasmosis has been observed since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and secondary antifungal prophylaxis. AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the current state of prognosis and treatment response of HIV-positive patients with histoplasmosis in the Francisco J. Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital in Buenos Aires City. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using the demographic, clinical, immunological and treatment data of 80 patients suffering from AIDS-related histoplasmosis. RESULTS: Of the 80 cases studied 65 were male, the median age was 36 years, with 73.7% of the patients being drug addicts, 82.5% of the patients was not receiving HAART at diagnosis, and 58.7% of the cases had less than 50 CD4+ cells/µl at the beginning of the treatment. The initial phase of treatment consisted of intravenous amphotericin B and/or oral itraconazole for 3 months, with 78.7% of the cases showing a good clinical response. Only 26/63 patients who were discharged from hospital continued with the follow-up of the HAART, secondary prophylaxis with itraconazole or amphotericin B. Secondary prophylaxis was stopped after more than one year of HAART if the patients were asymptomatic, had two CD4+ cell counts greater than 150cells/µl, and undetectable viral loads. No relapses were observed during a two-year follow up after prophylaxis was stopped. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of histoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients was effective in 78.8% of the cases. The combination of HAART and secondary antifungal prophylaxis is safe, well tolerated, and effective. The low adherence of patients to HAART and the lack of laboratory kits for rapid histoplasmosis diagnosis should be addressed in the future. The usefulness of primary antifungal prophylaxis for cryptococcosis and histoplasmosis HIV-positive patients should be studied.

Alternativas terapéuticas de la criptococosis meníngea / Therapeutic alternatives meningeal cryptococcosis

Introducción: la criptococosis es una micosis sistémica, co-mún al hombre y a varias especies de animales, producida por el com-plejo Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii. Es una de las mi-cosis oportunistas más frecuentes en enfermos inmunodeprimidos y una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con sida. Objetivo: comparar la eficacia terapéutica de dos regímenes utilizados para el tratamiento de la criptococosis meníngea asociada al sida en nuestro hospital: a) inducción con anfotericina B, 0,7 mg/kg por día y b) inducción con anfotericina B 0,7 mg/kg diario y fluconazol 800 mg/día. El régimen de consolidación es el mismo en ambos esquemas (fluco-nazol 800 mg/día).Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico y retrospectivo. Se analiza-ron las historias clínicas de 128 pacientes con criptococosis meníngea asociada al sida. La mitad de los enfermos (grupo A) que fueron diag-nosticados en 2008-2009, fueron tratados durante 4 semanas sólo con anfotericina B, y luego con fluconazol. La otra mitad, (grupo B) diagnos-ticados en 2010-2011, fueron tratados con anfotericina B y fluconazol en forma simultánea. Se comparó tiempo de negativización del cultivo de LCR y mortalidad. Resultados: cincuenta pacientes negativizaron el cultivo de LCR dentro de los treinta días, 11 de los mismos pertenecían al grupo A y los 39 res-tantes al grupo B (p = 0,00001) (IC 95 %: -0,5886 - -0,2864). La mortalidad fue del 35,93 % (23 pacientes) para el grupo A, y del 20,31 % (13 pacientes) para el grupo B (p = 0,07948 IC 95 %: 0,00047 - 0,31203). Conclusiones: la meningitis por Cryptococcus sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes HIV-sida, lo que lleva en la actualidad a emplear regímenes terapéuticos asociados o sinér-gicos, para elevar la sobrevida en dicha patología.Nuestro trabajo demostró que el tratamiento con an-fotericina B más fluconazol, disminuyó la mortalidad (aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente signi-ficativa) y además esterilizó el LCR en un tiempo me-nor al que requirió el grupo A

Background: Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis produced by Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complex. It is one of the most frequent mycoses in immunocompromissed hosts and one of the main causes of death in aids patients.Objective: To compare therapeutic efficacy of two regimens used for the treatment of meningeal cryptococcosis associated to aids in our hospital. Regimen a) Induction with amphotericin B-deoxycholate alone (0.7 mg/kg/day); b) Induction with amphotericin B-deoxycholate (0.7 mg/kg/day + fluconazole 800 mg/day). Consolidation treatment was the same for both groups with fluconazole 800 mg/day.Methods: It was an analytical and retrospective study. One hundred and twenty eight clinical histories from patients with meningeal cryptococcosis associated to aids were analysed. Half of the patients (group A) were treated with amphotericin B alone for 4 weeks; the others (group B) received amphotericin B and fluconazole simultaneously. After that, both groups followed treatment with fluconazole. Time of negativization of CSF cultures and mortality rate for both groups were compared.Results: CSF cultures of 50 patients were negative at day 30, 11 belonged to group A and 39 to group B (p= 0.00001; IC 95%: -0,5886 - -0,2864).). Mortality rate was 35.9% (23 patients) in group A and 20.3% (13 patients) in group B (p= 0,07948 IC 95%: 0,00047 - 0,31203).Conclusions: Cryptococcal meningitis remains as one of the principal causes of death in HIV infected patients and therefore combined therapeutic regimens are employed to improve survival in this pathology. It could be demonstrated that the association of amphotericin B with fluconazole was able to sterilize CSF in a shorter period than amphotericin B alone and mortality rate diminished

Criptococosis meníngea en pacientes con diabetes y sida / Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with diabetes and AIDS

INTRODUCCIÓN: La criptococosis meníngea es una de las patologías con mayor mortalidad en pacientes con sida. La diabetes mellitus (DM) comprende un grupo de enfermedades metabólicas que afecta a gran parte de la población mundial. La evolución de las infecciones en pacientes diabéticos ha demostrado ser siempre más grave. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la evolución de pacientes con criptococosis meníngea, DM e infección por VIH, comparándola con la de enfermos VIH-positivos con criptococosis meníngea de similar gravedad, pero no diabéticos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 182 pacientes con diagnóstico de criptococosis meníngea. Fueron seleccionados 28 pacientes con características clinicoepidemiológicas similares, se los dividió en 2 grupos, 14 pacientes con DM (grupo A) y los restantes sin alteraciones en el metabolismo de los glúcidos (grupo B). RESULTADOS: Solo 3/14 pacientes del grupo A (21,4%) lograron la negativización del cultivo de LCR, antes de las 10 semanas de tratamiento. Con respecto al grupo B, esto sucedió en 11/14 enfermos (78,5%). La mortalidad global para el grupo A fue del 85,7% (12/14 pacientes), para el grupo B del 21,4% (3/14 pacientes). En todos los casos los aislamientos de Cryptococcus neoformans resultaron sensibles in vitro a la anfotericina B y al fluconazol. CONCLUSIONES: La vinculación de DM y meningitis por Cryptococcus spp. se asoció a la evolución desfavorable en la gran mayoría de los casos; esto plantea la posibilidad de extender el tratamiento de inducción

INTRODUCTION: Cryptococcal meningitis is a severe AIDS-related infectious disease, with a high mortality rate. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder very common worldwide. Infectious diseases in diabetic patients are always more severe than in non-diabetic ones. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of a group of HIV-positive patients with DM and cryptococcal meningitis with a similar group HIV-positive patients with cryptococcal meningitis, but without DM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 182 clinical records of HIV-positive patients suffering cryptococcal meningitis were reviewed, and 28 of them with similar clinical and epidemiological characteristics, were chosen. They included 14 patients with DM (group A) and the remaining 14 who did not suffer this metabolic disorder (group B). RESULTS: Only 21.4% (3/14 cases) of group A patients had negative CSF cultures after 10 weeks of treatment. In group B patients, 78.5% (11/14 cases) achieved negative CSF cultures before 10 weeks. A higher overall mortality rate was observed in the diabetic patients (85.7%, 12/14 cases) than in the non-diabetic group (21.4%, 3/14 cases). All CSF isolates were identified as Cryptococcus neoformans, and all strains were susceptible in vitro to amphotericin B and fluconazole. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcal meningitis in diabetic patients was associated with a poor clinical outcome and a high mortality rate. A longer treatment induction period is suggested in order to improve the outcome of cryptococcal meningitis in diabetic patients

[Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with diabetes and AIDS]. / Criptococosis meníngea en pacientes con diabetes y sida.

INTRODUCTION: Cryptococcal meningitis is a severe AIDS-related infectious disease, with a high mortality rate. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder very common worldwide. Infectious diseases in diabetic patients are always more severe than in non-diabetic ones. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of a group of HIV-positive patients with DM and cryptococcal meningitis with a similar group HIV-positive patients with cryptococcal meningitis, but without DM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 182 clinical records of HIV-positive patients suffering cryptococcal meningitis were reviewed, and 28 of them with similar clinical and epidemiological characteristics, were chosen. They included 14 patients with DM (group A) and the remaining 14 who did not suffer this metabolic disorder (group B). RESULTS: Only 21.4% (3/14 cases) of group A patients had negative CSF cultures after 10 weeks of treatment. In group B patients, 78.5% (11/14 cases) achieved negative CSF cultures before 10 weeks. A higher overall mortality rate was observed in the diabetic patients (85.7%, 12/14 cases) than in the non-diabetic group (21.4%, 3/14 cases). All CSF isolates were identified as Cryptococcus neoformans, and all strains were susceptible in vitro to amphotericin B and fluconazole. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptococcal meningitis in diabetic patients was associated with a poor clinical outcome and a high mortality rate. A longer treatment induction period is suggested in order to improve the outcome of cryptococcal meningitis in diabetic patients.

Problemas clínicos en micología médica: problema número 45 / Clinical problems in medical mycology: Problem number 45

A 43 year-old diabetic woman, who suffered chronic cough and brown expectoration, is presented in this clinical problem. X-ray exam and CT thorax scan showed a cavitary lung lesion, located at the upper field of the left lung. This lesion had 5 cm in diameter, with a thick wall and a spherical shadow inside. The diagnosis of chronic cavitary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis was based on the isolation of Coccidioides sp. from cultures of expectoration and bronchoalveolar lavage, and the detection of specific antibodies in immunodiffusion test and counterimmunoelectrophoresis with coccidiodin. Her diabetes was not well controlled. She was treated with intravenous amphotericin B and oral itraconazole, with good clinical response; after four months of treatment the patient abandoned clinical controls. We suppose that the patient presented a coccidioidal fungus ball, inside a chronic cavitary lesion due to pulmonary coccidiodomycosis. She came from an endemic zone of coccidioidomycosis in the Northwest of the Argentine Republic (Catamarca Province)(AU)

[Clinical problems in medical mycology: problem number 45]. / Problemas clínicos en micología médica: problema número 45.

A 43 year-old diabetic woman, who suffered chronic cough and brown expectoration, is presented in this clinical problem. X-ray exam and CT thorax scan showed a cavitary lung lesion, located at the upper field of the left lung. This lesion had 5 cm in diameter, with a thick wall and a spherical shadow inside. The diagnosis of chronic cavitary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis was based on the isolation of Coccidioides sp. from cultures of expectoration and bronchoalveolar lavage, and the detection of specific antibodies in immunodiffusion test and counterimmunoelectrophoresis with coccidiodin. Her diabetes was not well controlled. She was treated with intravenous amphotericin B and oral itraconazole, with good clinical response; after four months of treatment the patient abandoned clinical controls. We suppose that the patient presented a coccidioidal fungus ball, inside a chronic cavitary lesion due to pulmonary coccidiodomycosis. She came from an endemic zone of coccidioidomycosis in the Northwest of the Argentine Republic (Catamarca Province).

Aspergilosis pulmonar cronica por Aspergillus nomius en un una paciente con feohifomicosis diseminada resistente a los antifúngicos / Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus nomius in a patient with disseminated phaeohyphomycosis resistant to antifungal drugs

El propósito de esta presentación es dar a conocer los hallazgos clínicos, micológicos e histopatológicos de una aspergilosis pulmonar crónica por Aspergillus nomius, en una mujer de 52 años de edad que sufre de una feohifomicosis diseminada por Exophiala spinifera, con lesiones cutáneas, ganglionares y óseas de 22 años de evolución. La aspergilosis pulmonar se presentó como una neumopatía crónica, de 3 años de duración, que evolucionó hacia la abscedación. Esta infección fúngica se produjo durante el tratamiento con 800 mg/diarios de posaconazol y respondió favorablemente a la administraciónconjunta de caspofungina por vía intravenosa. Finalmente, la enferma fue intervenida quirúrgicamente y se le extirparon los lóbulos medio e inferior del pulmón derecho. En el estudio histopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica se comprobó que Aspergillus nomius invadía los vasos sanguíneos y que se formaba un granuloma epitelioide con células gigantes en torno a las hifas endovasculares. El agente causal deeste caso se aisló de múltiples muestras de expectoración y lavados broncoalveolares, así como de lapieza quirúrgica. Su ubicación taxonómica se hizo en base a estudios de biología molecular. No pudo establecerse una causa clara de inmunodeficiencia en este caso.

Fungemias en hospitales de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Fungemia in hospitals of the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Antecedentes. La incidencia de las especies fúngicas como patógenos hospitalarios varía según las regiones. Objetivos. Registrar la incidencia y etiología de las fungemias en hospitales de la ciudad de Buenos Aires entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2008, conocer sus modificaciones en los 4 años, el tiempo de detección en hemocultivos automatizados y por lisis centrifugación, y su relación con sexo, edad y enfermedad de base. Métodos. Estudio multicéntrico observacional de fungemias en 16 hospitales de la Red de Micología de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Resultados. Se procesaron 190.920 hemocultivos: 182.050 automatizados y 8.870 por lisis-centrifugación. En 1.020 se recuperaron elementos micóticos. La incidencia global de fungemias fue 1,72 por 1.000 ingresos. Los episodios correspondieron a 683 candidemias (68%), y los restantes 325 (32%) fueron: 214 aislamientos de Cryptococcus, 105 de Histoplasma, 7 de Rhodotorula, 5 de Trichosporon, 2 de Pichia, 2 de Acremonium, uno de Saccharomyces y uno de Fusarium. La incidencia de candidemias fue de 1,15/1.000 ingresos con amplia variación entre centros (0,35 a 2,65). El 97% de las levaduras se detectaron en los primeros 2 días de incubación. Candida albicans se recuperó en el 43% de los episodios. En fungemias diferentes a candidemias, predominaron las causadas por Cryptococcus e Histoplasma capsulatum. Conclusiones. La incidencia se mantuvo estable en el período estudiado. Predominaron las fungemias por Candida. C. albicans estuvo implicada en menos de la mitad de los episodios. La recuperación de Cryptococcus e H. capsulatum estuvo fuertemente asociada a pacientes VIH reactivos(AU)

Background. The incidence of fungi like pathogens in hospitals varies by regions. Objectives. Our goal was not only to record the incidence and etiology of fungaemia, but also the change during the 4 years analysed, to determine the time of detection in automated blood culture and by lysis-centrifugation, and finally to assess the gender, age and underlying disease of the patients with fungaemia. Methods. An observational multicentre study of fungaemia was conducted in hospitals in the Mycology Network of Buenos Aires. Results. A total of 190,920 blood cultures were processed: 182,050 automated blood culture and 8,870 lysis-centrifugation. Fungi were recovered in 1,020 episodes. The overall incidence of fungaemia was 1.72/1,000 admissions; 683 episodes were due to Candida (68%), and 325 (32%) to other fungi: 214 Cryptococcus, 105 Histoplasma, 7 Rhodotorula, 5 Trichosporon, 2 Pichia, 2 Acremonium, one Saccharomyces and one Fusarium. The incidence of candidaemia was 1.15/1,000 admissions with a wide variation between centres (0.35 to 2.65). Most Candida isolates (97%) were detected in the first 2 days of incubation. Candida albicans was recovered in 43% of the episodes. In fungaemia other than candidaemia, the predominant fungi were Cryptococcus and Histoplasma capsulatum. Conclusions. The incidence remained stable during the study period. Fungaemia by Candida were predominant. C. albicans was involved in less than a half of the episodes. The recovery of Cryptoccocus and H. capsulatum is strongly associated with HIV patients(AU)

Onicomicosis: estudio multicéntrico clínico, epidemiológico y micológico / Onychomycosis: multicentre epidemiological, clinical and mycological study

Antecedentes. Las onicomicosis representan aproximadamente el 50% de las onicopatías, pueden ser causadas por dermatofitos, levaduras u hongos filamentosos no dermatofitos. Objetivos y metodología. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico para conocer la prevalencia de onicomicosis, los agentes causales y las formas clínicas más frecuentes. Se evaluaron todas las muestras de uñas de manos y pies durante el período de un año en 9 centros asistenciales. Resultados. Se procesaron 5.961 muestras, el 82,3% correspondieron a uñas de pies y el 17,7% a uñas de manos. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 49,7 años y el 66% perteneció al sexo femenino. Los exámenes directos fueron positivos en el 61% de los casos. En adultos, las uñas de los pies presentaron un 61,2% de resultados positivos en el examen directo, y los cultivos fueron positivos en un 43,7%. Los hongos predominantes fueron los dermatofitos (82,8%) y la forma clínica más frecuente fue la distal subungueal. En uñas de manos la positividad del examen directo fue del 59,8% y los cultivos fueron positivos en un 52,9%; los hongos predominantes fueron de tipo levaduriforme y la forma clínica más frecuente fue la onicolisis. Conclusiones. Se encontró un 61% de positividad en el examen directo, valor superior al de otras investigaciones. En las uñas de los pies prevalecieron los dermatofitos en ambos sexos, y en uñas de manos las levaduras, en el sexo femenino, y dermatofitos, en el masculino. El 4,8% de los aislamientos de uñas de pies y el 2,05% de los de uñas de manos fueron de hongos filamentosos no dermatofíticos(AU)

Background. Onychomycosis accounts for up to 50% of all nail disorders. They can be caused by: yeasts, dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte moulds. Objectives and methods. A multicentre study designed to determine the prevalence, mycological test results, aetiological agents, and clinical presentation of onychomycosis was carried out. All fingernail and toenail samples taken during a one year period at 9 diagnostic centres were included. Results. A total of 5,961 samples were analysed, of which 82.3% were from toenails and 17.7% from fingernails. The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years, and 66% were females. Direct microscopic examination was positive in 61% of the samples. In adults, 61.2% of toenails were positive using potassium hydroxide (KOH), and 43.7% were positive in cultures. The prevailing aetiological agents belong to the dermatophyte group (82.8%), and distal subungual was the most common clinical form. In fingernails, direct examination showed 59.8% positive samples, and cultures were positive in 52.9%. The prevailing agents were yeasts belonging to Candida species, and onycholysis was the most common lesion. Conclusions. Direct mycological examinations were positive in 61%, a higher value than that found in other series. Dermatophytes were prevalent in toenails of both sexes, and in finger nails yeast were prevalent in females, and dermatophytes in males. Non-dermatophyte moulds corresponded to 4.8% of toenail and 2.05% of fingernails isolates(AU)

[Onychomycosis: multicentre epidemiological, clinical and mycological study]. / Onicomicosis: estudio multicéntrico clínico, epidemiológico y micológico.

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis accounts for up to 50% of all nail disorders. They can be caused by: yeasts, dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte moulds. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: A multicentre study designed to determine the prevalence, mycological test results, aetiological agents, and clinical presentation of onychomycosis was carried out. All fingernail and toenail samples taken during a one year period at 9 diagnostic centres were included. RESULTS: A total of 5,961 samples were analysed, of which 82.3% were from toenails and 17.7% from fingernails. The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years, and 66% were females. Direct microscopic examination was positive in 61% of the samples. In adults, 61.2% of toenails were positive using potassium hydroxide (KOH), and 43.7% were positive in cultures. The prevailing aetiological agents belong to the dermatophyte group (82.8%), and distal subungual was the most common clinical form. In fingernails, direct examination showed 59.8% positive samples, and cultures were positive in 52.9%. The prevailing agents were yeasts belonging to Candida species, and onycholysis was the most common lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Direct mycological examinations were positive in 61%, a higher value than that found in other series. Dermatophytes were prevalent in toenails of both sexes, and in finger nails yeast were prevalent in females, and dermatophytes in males. Non-dermatophyte moulds corresponded to 4.8% of toenail and 2.05% of fingernails isolates.

[Fungemia in hospitals of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / Fungemias en hospitales de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of fungi like pathogens in hospitals varies by regions. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was not only to record the incidence and etiology of fungaemia, but also the change during the 4 years analysed, to determine the time of detection in automated blood culture and by lysis-centrifugation, and finally to assess the gender, age and underlying disease of the patients with fungaemia. METHODS: An observational multicentre study of fungaemia was conducted in hospitals in the Mycology Network of Buenos Aires. RESULTS: A total of 190,920 blood cultures were processed: 182,050 automated blood culture and 8,870 lysis-centrifugation. Fungi were recovered in 1,020 episodes. The overall incidence of fungaemia was 1.72/1,000 admissions; 683 episodes were due to Candida (68%), and 325 (32%) to other fungi: 214 Cryptococcus, 105 Histoplasma, 7 Rhodotorula, 5 Trichosporon, 2 Pichia, 2 Acremonium, one Saccharomyces and one Fusarium. The incidence of candidaemia was 1.15/1,000 admissions with a wide variation between centres (0.35 to 2.65). Most Candida isolates (97%) were detected in the first 2 days of incubation. Candida albicans was recovered in 43% of the episodes. In fungaemia other than candidaemia, the predominant fungi were Cryptococcus and Histoplasma capsulatum. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence remained stable during the study period. Fungaemia by Candida were predominant. C. albicans was involved in less than a half of the episodes. The recovery of Cryptoccocus and H. capsulatum is strongly associated with HIV patients.

Candidiasis invasora de herida quirúrgica, posterior a cirugía cardíaca / Invasive candida wound infection after cardiac surgery

Se presenta una candidiasis úlcero-vegetante de herida quirúrgica post esternotomía en un hombre diabético, de 67 años. El paciente había sido sometido a una intervención quirúrgica de corazón a cielo abierto para reemplazar la válvula mitral debido a una endocarditis bacteriana. Como complicaciones post quirúrgicas presentó mediastinitis, dehiscencia del esternón e infección crónica de la herida quirúrgica. La biopsia de una de las lesiones vecinas a la herida reveló la presencia de seudohifas y blastoconidias de Candida y en los cultivos se aisló Candida albicans. Recibió tratamiento con itraconazol y luego con fluconazol durante 11 meses y se le extrajeron los alambres del esternón. La evolución fue excelente, con cicatrización de todas las lesiones y mejoría de su estado general.

We describe a chronic, ulcerative wound infection due toCandida albicans, as a complicationof heart surgery. The patient was a 67-year old diabetic man, on whom an open-heart surgerywas performed for replacement of the mitral valve due to bacterial endocarditis. Aftercardiac surgery he presented with severe mediastinitis and chronic, granulomatous sternalopen wound infection. The microscopic exam of one skin biopsy showed pseudohyphae andblastoconidiae andC. albicanswas isolated on cultures.The patient was successfully treated with oral itraconazole, later replaced by oral fluconazoleduring 11 months, while the wires of the sternotomy were surgically removed. The outcomeof the infection was excellent, and wound healing and improvement of his general health were observed.